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Scientists found huge beaches on Mars likely from a long gone ocean
Scientists have used orbiters and rovers to find dried streams, lakes, and gullies on Mars that hint at its watery past, but their cavalry of robots has struggled to prove the Red Planet ever had an actual ocean.
A new study that leverages data from China’s now-defunct rover provides some of the strongest evidence so far of a long gone vast body of water — one that wasn’t just a temporary lake formed of melted ice, but a much larger sea. The findings lay bare what seems to be an ancient shoreline for an ocean that would have covered about one-third of the planet’s surface.
The new paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests Earth’s space neighbor had a warm and wet period that lasted for perhaps tens of millions of years.
Such an Earth-like environment would seemingly increase the odds that life could have existed there. Though no one knows whether Mars was ever inhabited, the presence of an ocean means this location was at least habitable, said Benjamin Cardinas, a sediment geologist at Penn State and one of the coauthors.
“Scientists who study the origin of life really do think that one of the main places that it might have started is along beaches not so different from what we think we saw here” on Mars, Cardinas told Mashable. “You’ve got shallow water, you’ve got air, you’ve got lands, and it’s these interfaces where scientists who study this thing think that life probably cropped up on Earth in the first place.”
The new data comes from the Zhurong rover, part of China’s Tianwen-1 mission, which landed on Mars in May 2021.
Credit: Chinese National Space Administration
The new data comes from the Zhurong rover, part of China’s Tianwen-1 mission, which landed on Mars in May 2021. The six-wheeled rover was sent to investigate Utopia Planitia, a region far from NASA‘s Curiosity and Perseverance rovers. It’s the same rubbly plain where the U.S. Viking 2 lander touched down in 1976.
Collaborations between Chinese and U.S. researchers can be difficult to achieve, due to the Wolf Amendment established in 2011. The federal law prevents NASA from working with China because of concerns that the space program could exploit U.S. technology to enhance its weapons. But some U.S. scientists contributed to the study without receiving any federal government funding. China, for its part, made the rover data public, a requirement of publishing the research.
Based on satellite images, scientists had previously hypothesized that Utopia Planitia, an area in Mars’ northern hemisphere, once held water. But the idea remained debatable because they had lacked the underground evidence to substantiate it until now. The features that resembled coasts sat at different elevations, making it hard to determine whether water created them or something else, such as burbling lava, wind-blown sand dunes, or ancient rivers.
Zhurong did not survive the Martian winter as planned in December 2022. But it had traveled about one mile on the Red Planet over the course of a year before going kaput.
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The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured images of China’s Zhurong rover on the surface of the Red Planet that showed it didn’t “wake up” from its planned winter hibernation in 2022.
Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / UArizona
In that time, the rover collected a lot of data, including some from a special instrument called ground-penetrating radar. The tool works by sending radio waves underground to measure the signals that bounce back. This helps scientists identify and plot different layers of rock and soil beneath the surface.
The data revealed distinctive slopes of underground material, just like how waves build up sediment along Earth’s coasts. These ancient beaches extended for about 4,300 feet — nearly a mile — and were buried 30 to 115 feet below the surface.
“To accumulate more than a kilometer of beach deposits on Earth takes a long time — hundreds of thousands of years to millions of years,” Michael Manga, a UC Berkeley geoscientist and coauthor, told Mashable. “So if we say that the processes that operate on Earth also operated on Mars, at roughly the same kind of rates, it means the ocean was there for a decent amount of time.”
From the new data, scientists can infer a larger water cycle for Mars. In order for beaches to creep nearly a mile into a body of water, there would need to be tides, standing water, and rivers feeding sediment into the ocean over a long period.
A topographical view of Utopia Planitia with the hypothesized ancient ocean, colored with varying shades of blue based on the depth of the water. The star indicates the Zhurong rover’s location.
Credit: Robert Citron illustration
Manga, who has long-believed in the ocean hypothesis, found the Zhurong data deeply satisfying.
“Just the fact that you can go to Mars with a rover and move over the surface and look underground is kind of mind-boggling to me,” he said. “But then to see something that has structure and that’s coherent — and by that I mean similar over such a broad scale — was really super exciting.”
The Perseverance rover has also detected sloping underground layers at its landing site in Jezero Crater, a former lakebed, but those could have been created by water or magma. A key difference between the two rovers’ radar data is that the Jezero material had what’s called “high permittivity” — holding more electrical charge. This could indicate the presence of volcanic rock. The material at Utopia Planitia, on the other hand, had “low permittivity” and is likely composed of a sand and pebble mixture, similar to what’s found along many of Earth’s shorelines.
That Zhurong and Perseverance had different findings is a reminder that environments can vary a lot globally. Perseverance is about 3,000 miles away from Zhurong, farther than the distance between New York and LA. A few months ago, research on carbon-rich minerals at Gale Crater, where Curiosity roams about 2,000 miles from Zhurong, found that the region would have been icy and salty — quite hostile for life to emerge, at least above ground.
China’s Zhurong rover takes a picture with its navigation camera, showing its antenna and solar panels, after it landed on Mars on May 15, 2021.
Credit: CNS / CNSA / AFP / Getty Images
“It’s not necessarily surprising to me that you can look at different parts of Mars, and you’ll find that the story is more complicated,” Cardinas said. “Regions of Mars may have been fairly different at different times.”
While the new research helps to confirm Mars had a surface ocean in its past, it also prompts new questions — namely, where did all of that water go? Did it freeze beneath the surface, collect into ice sheets at the poles, or escape into space? The answer could help scientists understand how planets evolve and whether such a change could occur on Earth.
Researchers may also want to further consider how gravity factors into beach formations, Manga said. Mars’ gravity is 62 percent less than Earth’s, and scientists don’t yet know whether that could fundamentally alter how beaches work. That gap in knowledge could mean the team misinterpreted the shoreline features. But of all the possible explanations, the collaborators feel confident a stable and vast ocean is likely the best fit.
“It would be interesting if it turns out that Mars did have large oceans and never created life,” Manga said. “That would say something about how difficult life is to initiate.”
Entertainment
When AI hallucinates aliens: Some think NASA should be nervous
If a chatbot can insist it’s right while being totally wrong, imagine the stakes when NASA starts leaning on artificial intelligence to help with life detection.
Could the rovers suddenly hallucinate aliens?
Michigan State University researchers wanted to know, so they trained an AI system to spot the difference between digital “organisms” that can copy themselves and others that can’t, using a computer program called Avida. In test runs, the algorithm nailed the distinction, getting it right 99.97 percent of the time.
Then, the team tried to fool it. They took nonliving chunks of code and made small changes over and over, nudging the AI to feel more confident that it was looking at something alive. Eventually, the system became almost 100 percent certain that many of the fakers were alive, even though they never exhibited the one behavior defined as “alive” in that virtual world: replication.
The work shows how AI can latch onto patterns in its training data without fundamentally understanding what makes something alive, said Ankit Gupta, a doctoral student in computer science and engineering. Gupta and his coauthor, Christoph Adami, a professor of microbiology and molecular genetics, physics, and astronomy, warn that this weakness could foil space missions that send smart instruments to Mars, icy moons, or other extraterrestrial environments to hunt for signs of life.
The team will present their findings in August at the 2026 Conference on Artificial Life in Waterloo, Canada.
“AI is highly accurate at classifying things that are ‘usual,'” Gupta told Mashable. “The problem occurs when it is presented with examples that are unlike the common things, which AI will misclassify with confidence. This is much more likely with extraterrestrial life, for obvious reasons.”
The Perseverance rover on Mars collected a rock sample with fossilized material that ancient alien microorganisms could have created.
Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU / MSSS
At the same time, NASA and its partners are pouring money into AI‑driven life‑detection projects, betting that machine learning can sift through huge, complex data sets that scientists could never fully analyze on their own. It’s setting the stage for a future in which AI helps flag promising clues, with humans making the final call.
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In one NASA‑funded effort, a large team led by Carnegie Science’s Michael L. Wong and NASA’s Caleb Scharf is building machine‑learning tools to pick out patterns of life in complex chemical data. Their project, supported by a $5 million grant, aims to train AI on at least 1,000 samples — from meteorites and rocks to fossils and living organisms.
Some of the data comes from real instruments, including mass spectrometers like those already flying on NASA missions. The algorithm learns how a mix of molecules shifts when life has shaped that material versus when simple physics and chemistry have done the job.
While Wong welcomes the fresh scrutiny, he isn’t sure the experiments exposed a serious vulnerability in AI approaches. In his view, the way the study actually created its fake life matters. The authors used a kind of selection process that kept refining the code until it looked increasingly lifelike.
“I don’t think it’s that bad, to be honest,” he told Mashable. “To generate their life mimics — their spoofs — they actually had to perform natural selection, which is a living process. I don’t know of any actual physical environment that performs that kind of selection, where it says, ‘I will prefer entities that just look like life, but don’t actually do lifelike things.'”
But the research did push Wong to think more about what kinds of examples he feeds into life‑detection models. His group wants to continue training AI not just on things that are alive, but also on the remains and byproducts of life — the fossils, goo, and waste.
After all, if the models are only taught to identify living things, they won’t be able to recognize the dead ones, he said. That could create a massive blind spot if Mars or another world hosts only the chemical leftovers of a long‑extinct biosphere.
Some sea squirts host photosynthetic algae in their outer tissues.
Credit: Hal Beral / Getty Images
“A fossil is evidence of life. So is the chair that I’m sitting on because those don’t just magically pop into existence thanks to geology,” he said. “A fossil and my chair are not alive, but I think they’re part of life. They are a product of life.”
Wong’s team also spends a lot of time trying to deceive its models. In some cases, the algorithm has surprised the scientists by picking up on patterns the humans initially missed. In one test, the system kept insisting that a sea squirt sample looked photosynthetic, even though sea squirts don’t make their own food from sunlight. What initially looked like an error was anything but, Wong said: Those creatures often host algae that do use sunlight, and the AI had spotted the chemical fingerprints.
Despite the advances in technology, the Michigan State team is not convinced the tools are ready for spacecraft. The team’s lab is also working on its own machine-learning methods to defend against this kind of trickery.
“We can wait,” Gupta said. “Clearly, we are not there yet.”
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Artificial Intelligence
Entertainment
Comedy icon Lynne Marie Stewarts last film was The Dink, and Josh Greenbaum made sure she saw it
This week sees the release of The Dink, which — on top of being a hilarious underdog comedy about pickleball — is also the last film in which Lynne Marie Stewart appears.
Perhaps best known as the beautiful Miss Yvonne on Pee-wee‘s Playhouse or Charlie’s mom on It’s Always Sunny on Philadelphia, the American actress had a prolific career in comedy, appearing in more than 150 films and TV shows.
At the age of 78, she passed away on Feb. 21, 2025, not long after she was featured in the critically heralded Paul Reubens documentary Pee-wee as Himself. But before that, she was able to see a cut of The Dink, thanks to director Josh Greenbaum.
In The Dink, Stewart plays Judy, a seventy-something pickleball player who befriends recent divorcee Candace (Mary Steenburgen) and has-been tennis phenom Dusty (producer Jake Johnson). Flirty, joyful, and a fan of trash talk, Judy brings her own bounce to the pickleball comedy.
In an interview with Mashable Entertainment Editor Kristy Puchko, Greenbaum shared how Stewart came to join The Dink, the unique improvisation she added, and how she got to see the movie before her passing.
Jake Johnson faces off against Lynne Marie Stewart in “The Dink.”
Credit: Apple TV
You have an amazing cast, but I want to talk about Lynne Marie Stewart, because I love her, and I think she’s so, so funny in this. Can you tell me what it was like to work with her? She is such an icon of comedy.
Josh Greenbaum: She’s the best. We auditioned people for that role for Judy, and you know, a lot of very, very funny women came into the room. So many so that I was like, well, this is a difficult decision. They’re all really, really funny. I think at that age, there’s not a lot of roles for older women.
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Which, also to interject, I love that in The Dink, the joke is never on these women for being older. They’ve got jokes. There are no jokes about treating their age as a cheap punchline, which is true in [Greenbaum’s other films] Barb and Star and in Will & Harper too.
You don’t stop being funny when you’re 70. So, no, that was never the joke. And she came in the room — I remember Jake Johnson and I were in the audition room — and she walked in with this big smile on her face, and her arms out wide. And she shuffled in as though to say, “I’m here. Here’s your Judy.”
And before she said a word, we both looked at each other and we were just like, “Oh well, that’s, it’s clearly Lynne Marie.” And then, of course, she crushed her audition. Felt funny that we even had to audition her, but I hadn’t seen her in a little while. Obviously, I saw her on It’s Always Sunny. But you know, [it had] been a few years. But she was just, like, such a joy.
I mean, one of my favorite lines in the whole film is is her whole run about the butter knife, and that is totally Lynne. I said, give me a long, overly explained run that’s supposed to be trash talk, but it’s about like, “Are you in the kitchen?” And she did this long run about forgetting the butter knife because you took your butter knife and a pat of butter, but you forgot the muffin — this long explanation about how you left the butter knife in the kitchen. And it just brings me such joy when she delivers that line, and so many other lines. Unfortunately, we didn’t know she was terminally ill while we were filming.
[Editor’s note: Matt Wolf, the director of Pee-wee as Himself, did not know Reubens was terminally ill while they were shooting footage for that documentary.]
She discovered that shortly after filming, and unfortunately passed shortly after that, which was heartbreaking. But her sister reached out and said, “Hey, is there any chance you could get us the film? She would love to watch it.” And so I sent her sister and Lynne a copy of the film. They watched it together and sent me a beautiful note back that Lynne was dying laughing and full of joy watching what obviously became her last performance. So, that’s really special.
I just love her. She was such a special woman. I was able to go to her her funeral and reception here in in L.A., and it was full of thousands of people who had she had worked with and who were her friends. She just put such warmth and love out into the world. I’m just very grateful she was with us, and that I had a chance to kind of work with her, even briefly.
The Dink is now streaming on Apple TV.
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Artificial Intelligence
When AI hallucinates aliens: Some think NASA should be nervous
Comedy icon Lynne Marie Stewarts last film was The Dink, and Josh Greenbaum made sure she saw it
