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Scientists find evidence that entirety of Earth was once covered in ice
Even the balmy tropics may have once been crushed by colossal masses of ice.
A severe ice age dominated Earth, some 720 to 635 million years ago, well before dinosaurs stalked the land. But it’s uncertain if the entire world froze over during the glaciations of this long-lived, extreme episode, dubbed “Snowball Earth.” Now, new evidence from Colorado, an area that once was located in the tropics, suggests mighty glaciers sprawled over even Earth’s warmest regions.
“This study presents the first physical evidence that Snowball Earth reached the heart of continents at the equator,” Liam Courtney-Davies, a geologist at CU Boulder who led the new research, said in a statement. The research was recently published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a leading science journal.
A dramatic decrease in greenhouse gases that trap heat on the globe — notably carbon dioxide — may have triggered the slide into a frozen orb. Previous research has suggested that even though Earth’s average temperature dropped well below freezing, some of the ocean surface and land resisted turning to or getting blanketed in thick, hard ice.
But evidence in the lofty Colorado mountains points to heavy ice in the tropics.
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The telltale rocks are called Tava sandstone, which are exposed in the Rocky Mountains. As you might have guessed, sandstone started out as sand on the surface, but is compacted together by different activities, such as grains in rivers becoming buried by layers and layers of silt. In this case, the researchers say the Tava sandstone resembles the type of features found underneath ice sheets, like those in present-day Antarctica.
To see if heavy glaciers may have compacted this once-tropical sandstone (shown below), the researchers dated the mineral veins that crossed through the sandstone. They shot these ancient, rusted minerals with a laser, which discharged uranium, a common radioactive element in Earth’s crust. Crucially, uranium naturally decays at a constant rate, providing a dating technique and a good idea of when something formed.
Orangish Tava sandstone exposed atop the Rocky Mountains.
Credit: Christine Siddoway / CU Boulder
The dark reddish-brown bands are the layers of Tava sandstone researchers say were crushed under heavy glaciers during Snowball Earth.
Credit: Liam Courtney-Davies / CU Boulder
The result? The uranium dating lines up with the period of Snowball Earth, hundreds of millions of years ago.
This is a compelling find, suggesting great glaciers compressed a once tropical Colorado. But this is just one surveyed area. More surveys are needed to truly grasp the extent of this vast ice cover on Earth.
“We want to get the word out so that others try and find these features and help us build a more complete picture of Snowball Earth,” Courtney-Davies said.
Eventually, the extreme ice age ended, perhaps stoked by a massive asteroid strike that blew a plethora of heat trapping gasses into the atmosphere, melting the ice and forcing weighty glaciers to retreat. Earth’s crust continues to reveal our planet’s wild ride over billions of years — a ride that continues today on Earth’s ever-moving surface.
Entertainment
Best Mothers Day gifts: Show mom some love
Mother figures are the backbone of the world. Yours may be your biological mother, or maybe she’s your mother-in-law, your best friend’s mom, or simply someone whose motherly instinct has helped you through hard times.
Moms teach you the adulting necessities, give advice even if the problem is your fault, and above all, they put up with your shit and (almost) never complain.
The game plan here isn’t just to snag the last bouquet at CVS just so you’re not the kid who forgot Mother’s Day (but definitely also get flowers). And you don’t even need to spend a lot of money. (Peep our list of Mother’s Day gifts that cost less than $50. Want even more cheap gift ideas?
Skip the generic mugs and show your appreciation with a gift picked just for her: Whether it’s something to make a part of her life easier, something she’s mentioned wanting in passing, or simply something to make her feel like a damn queen, you can’t put a price on everything she’s done for you, but heartfelt gifts certainly help.
After all, they say “No matter how hard you try, you always end up like your mother.” But is that even a bad thing?
Entertainment
Ban subscriptions and get Microsoft Office 2024 for life for just £121
TL;DR: Grab Microsoft Office 2024 Home and Business for PC or Mac for just £120.54 through June 1.
You wouldn’t keep paying for Netflix if you could own your favorite shows, right? So why are you still subscribing to Office apps you use every day? Microsoft 365’s price keeps going up, but there’s finally a way to break free — and it’ll cost you way less in the long run.
Microsoft Office 2024 is the answer you’ve been looking for. Instead of monthly payments, simply pay £120.54 once and be set for life (reg. £188.37). It’s that simple. And, yes, this lifetime download works for PC or Mac.
What’s included?
This license comes with:
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Word
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Excel
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PowerPoint
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Outlook
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OneNote
The newest version of Microsoft Office is a little different from Microsoft 365. But just because you’re switching to a lifetime license doesn’t mean you’ll miss out on some of the most recent updates. Word and Excel both still have AI integrations for text suggestions and smart data analysis, and PowerPoint still has improved tools for recorded presentations.
Once you’ve redeemed your purchase, you can install your apps on one computer. After that, they’re yours to use however you want. No more subscription fees or sudden price hikes to worry about.
Why rent when you can own?
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Get a Microsoft Office lifetime license on sale for £120.54 with no coupon needed.
StackSocial prices subject to change.
Entertainment
Wordle today: Answer, hints for May 9, 2025
Oh hey there! If you’re here, it must be time for Wordle. As always, we’re serving up our daily hints and tips to help you figure out today’s answer.
If you just want to be told today’s word, you can jump to the bottom of this article for today’s Wordle solution revealed. But if you’d rather solve it yourself, keep reading for some clues, tips, and strategies to assist you.
Where did Wordle come from?
Originally created by engineer Josh Wardle as a gift for his partner, Wordle rapidly spread to become an international phenomenon, with thousands of people around the globe playing every day. Alternate Wordle versions created by fans also sprang up, including battle royale Squabble, music identification game Heardle, and variations like Dordle and Quordle that make you guess multiple words at once.
Wordle eventually became so popular that it was purchased by the New York Times, and TikTok creators even livestream themselves playing.
What’s the best Wordle starting word?
The best Wordle starting word is the one that speaks to you. But if you prefer to be strategic in your approach, we have a few ideas to help you pick a word that might help you find the solution faster. One tip is to select a word that includes at least two different vowels, plus some common consonants like S, T, R, or N.
What happened to the Wordle archive?
The entire archive of past Wordle puzzles was originally available for anyone to enjoy whenever they felt like it, but it was later taken down, with the website’s creator stating it was done at the request of the New York Times. However, the New York Times then rolled out its own Wordle Archive, available only to NYT Games subscribers.
Is Wordle getting harder?
It might feel like Wordle is getting harder, but it actually isn’t any more difficult than when it first began. You can turn on Wordle‘s Hard Mode if you’re after more of a challenge, though.
Here’s a subtle hint for today’s Wordle answer:
Gibberish.
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Does today’s Wordle answer have a double letter?
There are no recurring letters.
Today’s Wordle is a 5-letter word that starts with…
Today’s Wordle starts with the letter T.
The Wordle answer today is…
Get your last guesses in now, because it’s your final chance to solve today’s Wordle before we reveal the solution.
Drumroll please!
The solution to today’s Wordle is…
TRIPE.
Don’t feel down if you didn’t manage to guess it this time. There will be a new Wordle for you to stretch your brain with tomorrow, and we’ll be back again to guide you with more helpful hints.
Are you also playing NYT Strands? See hints and answers for today’s Strands.
Reporting by Chance Townsend, Caitlin Welsh, Sam Haysom, Amanda Yeo, Shannon Connellan, Cecily Mauran, Mike Pearl, and Adam Rosenberg contributed to this article.
If you’re looking for more puzzles, Mashable’s got games now! Check out our games hub for Mahjong, Sudoku, free crossword, and more.
Not the day you’re after? Here’s the solution to yesterday’s Wordle.
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Best Mothers Day gifts: Show mom some love
