A new study suggests that teen girls use so-called nudification apps at the same rate as teen boys. The artificial intelligence-powered undressing tools allow users to create sexualized images of a person, typically by uploading a picture of them.

The results surprised Dr. Chad M.S. Steel, a digital forensics researcher at George Mason University who studies technology-facilitated crimes against children.

“Males tend to be more involved in any type of online sexual endeavors, whether it’s sexting or viewing pornographic material or the like, there’s usually a much stronger signal for males than females,” Steel said of the findings, which were published Wednesday in the journal PLOS One.

In Jan. 2025, Steel conducted an online survey of 557 English-speaking adolescents ages 13 to 17. Even a year ago, Steel found widespread use of nudification tools. Fifty-five percent of the respondents said they’d created a sexualized image, and 54 percent said they’d received one.

More than a third of teens said they’d been victims of the technology. More than a third reported that someone had made a non-consensual image of them, and a third said an image of theirs had been shared without their permission.

Roughly 1 in 6 teen girls and boys used nudification tools frequently to see how they looked. About the same share of teen girls shared such imagery “once or twice” with someone else. A slightly smaller percentage of boys reported the same behavior.

Why girls might be using nudification tools

Steel didn’t ask the teens why they used nudification tools, though sexting is a common practice among adolescents. He suspects that the popularity of “try it on” clothing and makeup visualization tools among girls builds familiarity with the same type of engagement as nudification apps. Coupled with male coercion for sexually explicit imagery, teen girls may find themselves using a familiar technology to deal with the pressure, Steel explained.

Dr. Linda Charmaraman studies girls’ wellbeing with an emphasis on social media and digital health but wasn’t involved in the study. She reviewed the findings and told Mashable that teens are in a delicate developmental period as they form their identities and seek social connection and acceptance.

“When you combine that time of development with AI, it can bring further risks,” Charmaraman, director of the Youth, Media, & Wellbeing Research Lab at Wellesley College, wrote in an email. “For example, there might be a lot of pressure for girls to create certain kinds of content in order to fit in with their peers and to possibly promote their social status.”

Boys did report higher usage of generative AI than girls to create and distribute sexual imagery, both with and without the permission of the subject.

Steel said that he would like to see his results replicated among a much larger sample of teens.

“In this case, I’d love to find out that I had an extremely unusual subset,” Steel said.

Charmaraman said that the survey’s nationally representative sample and effective quality checks indicate it reached diverse households. Yet she wondered whether the way the survey was advertised could have attracted “technology-savvy” participants, potentially skewing the results.

Top takeaways for parents

• Nudification has become normal.
  Steel said the survey results suggest that teen use of nudification tools has become widespread, and that “we have no idea what the effects will be.”

• How to talk to your teen about nudification imagery.
  Steel urges parents to consider the likelihood that their child will encounter nudification tools and imagery, and talk to them nonjudgmentally about the risks. Focusing on abstention won’t work, he added, given that teens may see AI-created sexual imagery as a natural extension of exploring their sexuality.

  Charmaraman recommends regular conversations about what’s happening in teens’ digital lives. This builds a strong foundation so that if parents learn about distressing incidents like non-consensual sharing of AI-generated sexual imagery, the lines of communication are already open. Instead of immediately restricting an app or device, Charmaraman suggests learning more about a teen’s intentions, such as why they wanted to create sexual imagery and whether they were coerced by strangers or peers.

• Deterring illegal imagery.
  Steel said teens often don’t grasp that they’re creating what’s known as child sexual abuse material when they use nudification tools. It’s unlikely that they’ll face legal consequences when that imagery is shared consensually with an adolescent peer.

  In order to deter teens from creating and sharing images without permission, Steel recommends policymakers explore a bystander approach wherein teens are taught the value of speaking up if they learn their friends or peers are going to use AI to generate sexual imagery of a victim.

  Charmaraman has previously advocated for a “duty of care” standard that shifts safety responsibility from the user to the tech companies that design platforms.

  “Tech companies must also provide tools that allow minors and their parents to manage their digital experience, including the ability to disable certain product features and protect their personal information,” she said.

• The risk of sextortion.

  Teens might not always understand that predators are highly interested in amassing collections of child sexual abuse material, including AI-generated imagery. Adult predators may ask teens for this content online, or they may use a nudification app to create that imagery based on publicly available pictures of the victim. Some predators may even try to sextort the teen using a nudified image they made on their own.

  Steel said both parents and teens should be aware of this possibility. Teens might consider using social media account protections, such as keeping their accounts private and allowing only well-known followers to access their photos.

If you have had intimate images shared without your consent, call the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative’s 24/7 hotline at 844-878-2274 for free, confidential support. The CCRI website also includes helpful information and a list of international resources.

TL;DR: Live stream Liverpool vs. Galatasaray in the Champions League for free on RTÉ Player. Access this free streaming platform from anywhere in the world with ExpressVPN.

The Champions League is showcasing a number of huge second-leg matchups this week, including Liverpool vs. Galatasaray.

The Turkish side hold a 1-0 advantage after the first leg, so everything is still hanging in the balance. Liverpool are probably still favorites to advance into the quarter finals, but they’ll need to be at their best to overcome Galatasaray. The likes of Victor Osimhen and Noa Lang will look to cause problems at Anfield. An early goal from the away side would put some serious pressure on the Premier League champions and manager Arne Slot.

If you want to watch Liverpool vs. Galatasaray in the Champions League from anywhere in the world, we have all the information you need.

When is Liverpool vs. Galatasaray?

Liverpool vs. Galatasaray in the Champions League kicks off at 8 p.m. GMT on March 18. This fixture takes place at Anfield Stadium.

How to watch Liverpool vs. Galatasaray for free

Liverpool vs. Galatasaray is available to live stream for free on RTÉ Player.

RTÉ Player is geo-restricted to Ireland, but anyone can access this free streaming platform with a VPN. These tools can hide your real IP address (digital location) and connect you to a secure server in Ireland, meaning you can unblock RTÉ Player to stream the Champions League for free from anywhere in the world.

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The best VPNs for streaming are not free, but most do offer free-trials or money-back guarantees. By leveraging these offers, you can access free live streams of the Champions League without actually spending anything. This obviously isn’t a long-term solution, but it does give you enough time to stream Liverpool vs. Galatasaray (plus more Champions League fixtures) before recovering your investment.

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My friends and I make Alison Roman’s squash and lentil soup so often that in our group chat we’ve taken to referring to it as “our soup.” As in: “I’m making our soup tonight,” or “Sorry you’re sick! Can I drop off our soup this afternoon?” We may not have written the recipe but it’s ours now! Inspired, we asked Cup of Jo readers to share the recipes they’ve made a million times. Here, eight readers recommend their tried-and-true dishes…

“Our” Alison Roman soup — the recipe calls for acorn squash, but I’ve been making it with honey nut squash from my garden.

“Everyone has their favorite chocolate chip cookie recipe, but I swear by the one my mom always made from my grandmother’s The Best of Country Cooking cookbook. I have the recipe memorized, and I also add a dash of cinnamon and nutmeg. When I made these cookies for a friend, she could not believe I made them ‘out of my brain.’ Now it’s my favorite way to describe knowing a recipe off the top of my head.” — Katie

“I make Dan Pelosi’s non-alcoholic Negroni on repeat. Basically, you steep half a box of Red Zinger tea with orange peel, sugar, cloves, and black peppercorns, then serve it with tonic (and grapefruit juice if you have it, but I usually don’t). It’s a nice treat to sip on while putting dinner together. My husband and I like it so much that there’s usually a big jar of it in our fridge.” — Sarah

“Marcella Hazan’s tomato sauce is pure kitchen magic. I’ve made it so many times that I no longer need the recipe. It seems too rudimentary to be special — just tomatoes, butter, and whole onions — but somehow the result is truly exquisite. My girls have always loved it — they’re busy teens now and still get excited when they come home and smell tomatoes simmering. They call out from the doorway, ‘It’s a tomato sauce day!’” — Ashley

“On vacation in San Francisco, I ate a revelatory sandwich from Golden Gate Market Deli & Liquor, a bodega right next to the Presidio. Ever since, I have dedicated myself to perfecting my sandwich game. My latest is good sourdough, French Dijon, garlic aioli, Jarlsberg and smoked Gouda, an entire avocado, red onion, cucumber, perfectly ripe tomatoes (with salt and pepper, of course), wilted spinach, and a whole lot of sprouts. It takes a half hour to make but it is so, so worth it!” — Elizabeth

“We make a kale Caesar with poached eggs all the time. The key is to tear the kale into strips and massage them for at least a minute. Then, add lemon juice, a glug or two of olive oil, garlic powder, salt, pepper, and lots of freshly grated Parmesan. Toss it all together. The leaves should be acidic, salty, and a tad spicy. Sometimes we make homemade croutons from a fresh loaf of bread. Finally, poach eggs and put them on top! Dinner is served in 20 minutes. The salad is super nourishing but also finger-licking good.” — Becca

“Hands down, my go-to recipe is Smitten Kitchen’s confetti cookies. As Deb Perelman says, they’re the best because you can pull ingredients straight from the fridge without waiting for them to come to room temp. We call them ‘rainbow cookies’ in our house, and they’ve become my signature. My eight-year-old just made them all by himself for the first time, and I was so proud!” — Laura

“For several years, I’ve made ahead a batch of buffalo chicken meatballs to freeze and pack for lunch. I’m a high school math teacher, mom of three, and short on time, so I value the consistency. I like to pair these with roasted sweet potatoes. Never disappoints!” — Andrea

“A simple meal that my teenagers will always polish off is Melissa Clark’s cheesy white beans. I serve it alongside green salad and sliced baguette, and the whole thing takes 25 minutes, all in. We even had it over Christmas break, and Lulu and my dad approved, as well.” — Joanna

Now, it’s your turn to shout out your go-to recipes! What dishes have you made so many times you know them by heart? We want to add them to our list.

P.S. 11 (more) readers share their go-to recipes, and what are five recipes in your arsenal?

(Sprinkle cookie photos by Deb Perelman; tomato sauce photo by Christopher Testani for The New York Times; meatball photo by Chrissa Benson.)